Prospecting for prostate cancer with precision medicine

With the high false positive rate of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) for detection of prostate cancer, new reliable biomarkers for prostate cancer diagnosis and prognosis have been the topic of extensive research efforts. Preferably, the biomarkers should be present in biofluids that can be sampled with non- or minimally-invasive methods, to allow repeated analysis. In addition to many and varied analyses applied to blood specimens, three prostate-relevant body fluids have been investigated, namely, urine (1-3), seminal fluid (4,5) and expressed prostatic secretion (EPS) (6-8).