LncRNA SNHG1 correlates with higher T stage and worse overall survival, and promotes cell proliferation while reduces cell apoptosis in breast cancer

Introduction

Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in females. It is reported that more than one million individuals are diagnosed with breast cancer and over 400,000 females die from this disease every year all around the world (1-3). Despite that the incidence rate of breast cancer in China is relatively low, the increment speed of its incidence in China is much higher than that in western countries (4,5). Recently, great progress on the prognosis has been achieved owning to the improved screening strategies and novel therapeutic approaches for breast cancer, whereas the survival of breast cancer patients remains unfavorable due to the high rate of recurrence and metastasis, especially for triple-negative breast cancer patients (6,7). Therefore, exploring novel biomarkers that are associated with the prognosis of breast cancer patients, and finding novel therapeutic targets are of great value to the management of this disease.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs with more than 200 nucleotides, which participate in a variety of activities and are observed to be dysregulated in diverse cancers (8-13). As one of the members of lncRNA family, the small nucleolar RNA host gene 1 (SNHG1) that locates at 11q12.3 locus is up-regulated in a number of cancers such as cervical cancer, colon cancer and glioma, and it correlates with worse prognosis in cancer patients. Besides, studies find that increased lncRNA SNHG1 expression in these cancer cells enhances cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion but inhibits cell apoptosis (14-16). We therefore hypothesized that lncRNA SNHG1 is also involved in the development and prognosis of breast cancer. However, no related study has been conducted so far. Hence the aim of this study was to investigate the correlation of lncRNA SNHG1 with prognosis in breast cancer patients, and its effect on breast cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis.

Methods

Patients

A total of 178 breast cancer patients underwent resection at Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery in The Central Hospital of Wuhan were consecutively enrolled in this study from Jan 2012 to Dec 2013. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (I) patients were diagnosed as primary breast cancer according to clinical, imaging and pathological findings; (II) age above 18 years; (III) about to undergo resection; (IV) able to be followed up regularly. This study was approved by the Ethics Review Board of The Central Hospital of Wuhan (No. 2011-12), all the patients provided signed informed consents.

Sample collection

Tumor tissue and paired adjacent tissue were obtained from breast cancer patients during the operation and immediately stored in the liquid nitrogen for further detection.

LncRNA SNHG1 measurement and clinical assessments

LncRNA SNHG1 level in tumor tissue and adjacent tissue was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. Tumor features including molecular subtype, pathological grade, TNM stage, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status were documented, and their correlation with lncRNA SNHG1 level was further analyzed. In addition, patients were followed up every 1 month in the first half year, and every 3–6 months in the following duration until 48 months (the last follow-up date was 2017/12/31, and a total of 21 patients lost follow up during follow-up period). Finally, all 178 patients were included in the analysis. Overall survival (OS) was calculated, and the comparison of OS between patients with lncRNA SNHG1 high expression and low expression was conducted. As for patients who lost follow up, they were considered as censored data in the analysis of OS.

Cell culture and plasmid transfections

BT474, MCF7, MDA-MB-453, MDA-MB-231, HCC1937 and MCF10A cell lines were purchased from Cell Resource Center of Shanghai Institute of Life Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). The former five cell lines were breast cancer cells while the latter one was normal breast epithelial cells. As to the culture condition of these cells, BT474 and HCC1937 cells were cultured in 90% RPMI-1640 sodium (GIBCO, USA) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (GIBCO, USA); MCF7 cells were cultured in 90% MEM sodium (GIBCO, USA) with 10% FBS (GIBCO, USA); MDA-MB-453 and MDA-MB-231 cells were cultured in 90% L-15 sodium (GIBCO, USA) with 10% FBS (GIBCO, USA); MCF10A cells were cultured in MEGM kit (Sigma, USA). All cells were cultured under 5% CO₂ at 37 °C. Afterward, the expression of lncRNA SNHG1 in each cell line was determined by qPCR. Subsequently, we transferred the negative control (NC) overexpression plasmids [NC (+) group], lncRNA SNHG1 overexpression plasmids [LncRNA (+) group], NC short hairpin RNA (shRNA) plasmids [NC (−) group] and lncRNA SNHG1 shRNA plasmids [LncRNA (−) group] into MDA-MB-453 cells and MCF7 cells, and the plasmids were constructed using PET-1 and pGPH1 plasmids (NTCC, China).

Detection of cell proliferation and apoptosis after transfections

After transfection of MDA-MB-453 cells and MCF7 cells, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay was performed at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h to measure cell proliferation using CCK8 commercial kit (R&D, USA), and Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide staining (AV/PI) assay was performed at 72 h to measure cell apoptosis rate using AV/PI commercial kit (Thermo, USA). In addition, apoptotic and anti-apoptotic markers C-Caspase 3 and p-P38 expressions were also measured at 72 h by Western blot. All the experiments were carried out according to the manufactures’ instructions.

qPCR assay

LncRNA level was determined by qPCR. Total RNA was extracted by TRIzol Reagent (Invitrogen, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Then RNA was quantified by OD 260, and 1 µg of total RNA from each sample was used for cDNA synthesis with QuantiNova Reverse Transcription Kit (Qiagen, German). The cDNA product was subsequently subjected to qPCR with SYBR Green kit (TaKaRa, Japan). PCR amplification was performed as follows: 95 °C for 5 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95 °C for 5 s, 61 °C for 30 s. Subsequently, the expressions of candidate lncRNAs were calculated using the 2^−ΔΔCt methods with phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as internal reference. The primer of lncRNA SNHG1 was: forward 5'-AGGCTGAAGTTACAGGTC-3', reverse 5'-TTGGCTCCCAGTGTCTTA-3'; the primer of GAPDH was: forward 5'-GAGTCCACTGGCGTCTTCAC-3', reverse 5'-ATCTTGAGGCTGTTGTCATACTTCT-3'.

Western blot assay

Total protein was extracted from MDA-MB-453 cells and MCF7 cells with 1 ml RIPA buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) and then its concentration was measured using bicinchoninic acid (BCA) kit (Pierce Biotechnology, USA) and adjudged according to the standard curve, respectively. Subsequently, 20 µg of protein samples with equal concentration were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (Millipore, Bedford, USA). After blocking with 5% skim milk for 2 h, membranes were incubated with the corresponding primary antibody overnight at 4 °C. Then, the membranes were incubated with the appropriate secondary antibody for 1 h at room temperature. The bands were visualized using an enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) kit (Millipore, Bedford, USA) followed by exposure to X-ray film. Primary antibodies utilized in this study were: cleaved caspase-3 rabbit mAb (CST, USA), dilution 1:1,000; rabbit polyclonal to caspase-3 (CST, USA), dilution 1:500; p38 MAPK antibody (CST, USA), dilution 1:1,000; phospho-p38 MAPK antibody (CST, USA), dilution 1:1,000; rabbit monoclonal to GAPDH (CST, USA), dilution 1:1,000. The secondary antibody used in this study was anti-rabbit IgG, HRP-linked antibody (CST, USA), dilution 1:2,000.

Statistics

The statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 21.0 (IBM, USA) and Graphpad Prism 5.01 software (GraphPad Software Inc, USA). Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation or count (percentage). Comparison between two individual groups was determined by t-test or Chi-square test, while comparison between two paired groups was determined by Wilcoxon signed-rank sum test. Kaplan-Meier (K-M) curves and log-rank test were performed to compare the OS between two groups. P<0.05 was considered significant.

Results

Characteristics of breast cancer patients with high or low lncRNA SNHG1 expression in tumor tissue

Breast cancer patients were divided into lncRNA SNHG1 high expression patients (N=89) and lncRNA SNHG1 low expression patients (N=89) according to the median level of lncRNA SNHG1 in tumor tissues, and T stage was observed to be higher in lncRNA SNHG1 high expression patients compared with lncRNA SNHG1 low expression patients (P=0.001). Whereas no difference was discovered in molecular subtype (P=0.555), pathological grade (P=0.377), N stage (P=0.214), TNM stage (P=0.075), ER status (P=0.539), PR status (P=0.549), HER2 status (P=0.430) or subsequent therapy (all P>0.05) between lncRNA SNHG1 high expression patients and lncRNA SNHG1 low expression patients (Table 1).

LncRNA SNHG1 expression in tumor tissue and its correlation with OS

The expression of lncRNA SNHG1 in tumor tissue was elevated compared with the adjacent tissue (P<0.001, Figure 1A). K-M curves and log-rank test showed that lncRNA SNHG1 high expression patients exhibited shorter accumulating OS compared to lncRNA SNHG1 low expression patients (P=0.016, Figure 1B).

Figure 1 LncRNA SNHG1 expression in tumor tissue and its correlation with OS. The expression of lncRNA SNHG1 in tumor tissue was increased compared to adjacent tissue (A). LncRNA SNHG1 high expression patients exhibited decreased OS compared to lncRNA SNHG1 low expression patients (B). Comparison between two groups was determined by paired t test. K-M curves and log-rank test were performed to compare the OS between two groups. P<0.05 was considered significant. LncRNA, long non-coding RNA; SNHG1, small nucleolar RNA host gene 1; OS, overall survival; K-M curves, Kaplan-Meier curves.

LncRNA SNHG1 expression among different cell lines

As presented in Figure 2, all five breast cancer cell lines including BT474 (P<0.01), MCF7 (P<0.01), MDA-MB-453 (P<0.001), MDA-MB-231 (P<0.001) and HCC1937 (P<0.001) cell lines presented with elevated lncRNA SNHG1 level compared to normal breast epithelial cell line MCF10A. Subsequently, MDA-MB-453 cell line and MCF7 cell line were chosen for further investigation.

Figure 2 LncRNA SNHG1 expression in different cell lines. BT474, MCF7, MDA-MB-453, MDA-MB-231 and HCC1937 cell lines presented with higher lncRNA SNHG1 level compared to MCF10A cell line. Comparison between two groups was determined by t-test. P<0.05 was considered significant. **, P<0.01; ***, P<0.001. LncRNA, long non-coding RNA; SNHG1, small nucleolar RNA host gene 1.

Cell proliferation in MDA-MB-453 and MCF7 cells after transfections of lncRNA SNHG1 (+/−) plasmids

After transfection of lncRNA SNHG1 (+/−) plasmids into MDA-MB-453 cells, lncRNA SNHG1 expression was increased in lncRNA (+) group compared to NC (+) group (P<0.001) but decreased in lncRNA (−) group compared to NC (−) group (P<0.001), implying that the transfections were successful (Figure 3A). MDA-MB-453 cell proliferation after transfection was evaluated by CCK8 assay, which revealed that cell proliferation was enhanced in lncRNA (+) group compared to NC (+) group, while it was repressed in lncRNA (−) group compared to NC (−) group both at 48 h (both P<0.05) and 72 h (both P<0.01) after transfections (Figure 3B). LncRNA SNHG1 (+/−) plasmids were also transfected into MCF7 cells successfully (all P<0.001, Figure 4A), then similar results were observed in MCF7 cells consequently (all P<0.05, Figure 4B).

Figure 3 Cell proliferation in MDA-MB-453 cells after lncRNA SNHG1 (+/−) plasmid transfections. LncRNA SNHG1 level was elevated in lncRNA (+) group compared to NC (+) group, while was reduced in lncRNA (−) group compared to NC (−) group (A). Cell proliferation was increased in lncRNA (+) group compared to NC (+) group, while was decreased in lncRNA (−) group compared to NC (−) group both at 48 and 72 h after transfections (B). Comparison between two groups was determined by t-test. P<0.05 was considered significant. *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01; ***, P<0.001. LncRNA, long non-coding RNA; SNHG1, small nucleolar RNA host gene 1; NC, negative control.

Figure 4 Cell proliferation in MCF7 cells after lncRNA SNHG1 (+/−) plasmid transfections. LncRNA SNHG1 level was increased in lncRNA (+) group compared with NC (+) group, while was decreased in lncRNA (−) group compared to NC (−) group (A). Cell proliferation was enhanced in lncRNA (+) group compared with NC (+) group, while was reduced in lncRNA (−) group compared to NC (−) group both at 48 and 72 h after transfections (B). Comparison between two groups was determined by t-test. P<0.05 was considered significant. *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01; ***, P<0.001. LncRNA, long non-coding RNA; SNHG1, small nucleolar RNA host gene 1; NC, negative control.

Cell apoptosis in MDA-MB-453 and MCF7 cells after transfections of lncRNA SNHG1 (+/−) plasmids

AV/PI assay revealed that cell apoptosis rate in MDA-MB-453 cells was decreased in lncRNA (+) group compared to NC (+) group (P<0.05) but increased in lncRNA (−) group compared to NC (−) group (P<0.01) at 72 h (Figure 5A,B). In addition, we also measured the expression of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic markers in each group, which disclosed that compared to NC (+) group, lncRNA (+) group exhibited reduced C-Caspase 3 level (P<0.05, Figure 5C,D) but elevated p-P38 level (P<0.05, Figure 5C,E); meanwhile, lncRNA (−) group presented with increased C-Caspase 3 level (P<0.05, Figure 5C,D) while decreased p-P38 level compared to NC (−) group (P<0.01, Figure 5C,E). Similar results were also observed in MCF7 cells (all P<0.05, Figure 6A,B,C,D,E).

Figure 5 Cell apoptosis in MDA-MB-453 cells after lncRNA SNHG1 (+/−) plasmid transfections. Cell apoptosis was detected by AV/PI assay (B), which showed that cell apoptosis rate in lncRNA (+) group was lower than that in NC (+) group, while in lncRNA (−) group, it was higher than that in NC (−) group (A). Compared to NC (+) group, lncRNA (+) group presented with decreased C-Caspase 3 level (C,D) while elevated p-P38 level (C,E), also, compared to NC (−) group, lncRNA (−) group displayed increased C-Caspase 3 level (C,D) while reduced p-P38 level (C,E). Comparison between two groups was determined by t-test. P<0.05 was considered significant. *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01. LncRNA, long non-coding RNA; SNHG1, small nucleolar RNA host gene 1; AV/PI, annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide staining; NC, negative control; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Figure 6 Cell apoptosis in MCF7 cells after lncRNA SNHG1 (+/−) plasmid transfections. Cell apoptosis was detected by AV/PI assay (C), which revealed that cell apoptosis rate was lower in lncRNA (+) group than that in NC (+) group, while in lncRNA (−) group, it was increased compared with NC (−) group (A). Compared to NC (+) group, lncRNA (+) group displayed decreased C-Caspase 3 level (B,D) while elevated p-P38 level (B,E); also, compared to NC (−) group, lncRNA (−) group displayed increased C-Caspase 3 level (B,D) while reduced p-P38 level (B,E). Comparison between two groups was determined by t-test. P<0.05 was considered significant. *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01. LncRNA, long non-coding RNA; SNHG1, small nucleolar RNA host gene 1; AV/PI, annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide staining; NC, negative control; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Discussion

In the current study we found that: (I) lncRNA SNHG1 expression in tumor tissue was up-regulated compared to adjacent non-tumor tissue, and it was positively correlated with T stage but negatively associated with OS in breast cancer patients. (II) LncRNA SNHG1 promoted breast cancer cell proliferation but suppressed cell apoptosis.

LncRNA SNHG1 is one of the most commonly investigated lncRNAs that act as pivotal modulators in human biological activities including gene expression and cell functions regulation. Since lncRNA SNHG1 is found to promote cell proliferation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in 2014 for the first time, it has been reported to be closely associated with various cancers (17-19). An in vitro experiment reveals that lncRNA SNHG1 is upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line (HepG2) compared to normal human liver cell line (L02), and it promotes HCC cell proliferation, invasion and migration via sponging microRNA (miR)-195 (20). Another in vitro study also illuminates that lncRNA SNHG1 expression is up-regulated in gastric cancer cell lines (NCI-N87 and MKN-45) and it enhances gastric cancer cell proliferation through regulating DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) (21). These experiments suggest that lncRNA SNHG1 may be involved in the development and progression of cancers. More interestingly, several studies have revealed the negative correlation of lncRNA SNHG1 level with the prognosis of cancer patients (20,21). For example, a previous study elucidates that lncRNA SNHG1 expression in HCC tumor tissue is higher than that in adjacent normal tissue, and HCC patients with high lncRNA SNHG1 expression in tumor tissue exhibit shorter recurrence-free survival and OS compared to patients with low lncRNA SNHG1 expression (20). Meanwhile, the expression of lncRNA SNHG1 is also elevated in gastric cancer tissue compared to the matched adjacent non-tumor tissue, and the OS of gastric cancer patients with high expression of lncRNA SNHG1 in tumor tissue is lower than that of patients with low expression of lncRNA SNHG1 (21). However, the lncRNA SNHG1 expression level in breast cancer patients and its correlation with the prognosis of breast cancer patients is still unclear. Hence, we conducted the current study and discovered that lncRNA SNHG1 expression was increased in breast cancer tissue compared to adjacent non-tumor tissue, and the elevated lncRNA SNHG1 expression in tumor tissue was correlated with the worse OS. The possible explanation might be that: as previously described, lncRNA SNHG1 might promote the progression of breast cancer through enhancing cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion while inhibiting cancer cell apoptosis via regulating targeting miRNAs or downstream genes such as p38, p53 (20-24). In the present study, we also observed that there was no difference in breast cancer molecular subtypes between lncRNA SNHG1 low expression patients and lncRNA SNHG1 high expression patients, which might be due to that lncRNA SNHG1 was involved in the pathogenesis of breast cancers with different molecular subtypes thereby contributed to poorer OS. However, the detailed association of lncRNA SNHG1 expression with molecular subtypes of breast cancer needs to be verified in further exploration.

The effect of lncRNA SNHG1 on cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis is discovered by previous studies in various cancers (25,26). Besides, lncRNA SNHG1 is also observed to promote cell proliferation, migration and invasion while reduce cell apoptosis in many other cancer cell lines (25-28). For instance, lncRNA SNHG1 enhances cell growth while reduces cell apoptosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells (obtained from esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients) by directly binding to miR-338-3p (29). In the meantime, another experiment illuminates that lncRNA SNHG1 regulates expression of zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) by interacting with p63 TA isoform (TAp63), and promotes cell proliferation, migration as well as invasion but inhibits cell apoptosis in lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell lines H-266 and SK-MES-1 (30). To testify the hypothesis that lncRNA SNHG1 might display similar functions in breast cancer cells, in vitro experiments were conducted in this study, which disclosed that lncRNA SNHG1 promoted cell proliferation while repressed cell apoptosis in breast cancer cells. This might be due to that: lncRNA SNHG1 might regulate multiple pathways to promote cell proliferation and repress cell apoptosis of breast cancer cells, for example, mediating its neighboring gene SLC3A2 and then affecting integrin-mediated focal adhesion kinase (FAK)/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, or via modulating the activities of p53 and some miRNAs such as miR-145, miR-424-5p and miR-130a-3p (12,18,22,31,32).

In conclusion, lncRNA SNHG1 is upregulated in tumor tissue and correlates with higher T stage and worse OS, and it promotes cell proliferation but inhibits cell apoptosis in breast cancer.

Acknowledgments

Funding: None.

Footnote

Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tcr.2019.03.20). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). The study was approved by the Ethics Review Board of The Central Hospital of Wuhan (No. 2011-12), all the patients provided signed informed consents.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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