Copy number variations of MMP-9 are prognostic biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma
Original Article

Copy number variations of MMP-9 are prognostic biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma

Xi Yu1,2, Jing Huang1,2, Shengdong Wu1,2, Yi Huang3, Yuying Shan1,2, Caide Lu1,2

1Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo 315040, China; 2Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315040, China; 3Department of Neurosurgery, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo Hospital of Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315010, China

Contributions: (I) Conception and design: C Lu; (II) Administrative support: C Lu; (III) Provision of study materials or patients: J Huang, S Wu, C Lu; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: X Yu, J Huang, S Wu; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: Y Huang, Y Shan, J Huang, S Wu; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors.

Correspondence to: Dr. Caide Lu, MD, PhD. Professor, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, No.111 Jiangnan Road, Yinzhou district, Ningbo 315040, China. Email: lucaide@nbu.edu.cn.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effect of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) copy number variations (CNVs) on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) poor prognosis and recurrence.

Methods: A total of 35 patients were collected between January 2016 and December 2018. The copy number and expression level of MMP-9 were measured in 35 HCC tumor tissues and 35 paired adjacent non-tumor tissues using digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), respectively.

Results: Our results showed that MMP-9 expression was significantly upregulated in HCC tumor tissues compared to adjacent non-tumor tissues (5.521±9.545 versus 1.000±0.000, P=0.0047). Interestingly, MMP-9 CNVs only existed in tumor tissues (15/35 versus 0/35, P=0.002). A breakdown analysis by the occurrence of CNVs in tumor tissues had shown that there were significant differences between CNVs group and non-CNVs group in the expression levels of tissue alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) (P=0.015), tumor size (P<0.001), differentiation (P<0.001), microvascular invasion (MVI) (P=0.009), and clinical stage (P<0.001). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves showed that MMP-9 CNVs and expression were significant predictors of HCC [P<0.0001, area under the curve (AUC) =0.76].

Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that MMP-9 CNVs were a promising diagnostic biomarker for HCC.

Keywords: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); MMP-9; copy number variation (CNV); prognostic indicator

Submitted May 21, 2019. Accepted for publication Oct 10, 2019.

doi: 10.21037/tcr.2019.11.52

Introduction

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignancy of the liver. The 5-year survival rate of HCC patients after curative resection was 5–9% from the time of clinical diagnosis (1). In 2012, around 782,500 new patients were reported with liver cancer and 745,500 deaths occurred in the world, and China accounted for about 50% of them (2). With the recent progress in modern medical technologies and the early diagnosis, the resection rate of HCC has been significantly improved. However, a high probability of recurrence after resection has remained a significant challenge in HCC therapy (3). The poor prognosis of HCC is related to high invasion and metastatic capacities of cancer cells (4), which are closely predicted by alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), tumor size, differentiation, clinical stage, and microvascular invasion (MVI) (3).

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is a matrixin, a class of enzymes that belong to the zinc-metalloproteinases family. A previous study reported that MMPs played a vital role in cancer invasion and during different stages of cancer progression (5). MMP-9 is highly expressed in HCC, and it participates in angiogenesis by degrading the environmental extracellular matrix and basement membrane (6). Another research showed that MMP-9 was expressed at a higher level in HCC tissues than in adjacent normal tissues, and MMP-9 expression was significantly higher in patients with distant metastases or portal vein invasion, indicating that MMP-9 played a crucial role in the invasion and the metastasis of HCC (7). Several studies were undertaken on MMP-9 polymorphism of cardio-cerebrovascular disease, and the achieved results confirmed an essential role of MMP-9 in myocardial infarction (8), temporomandibular disorders (9), intracranial hemorrhage in patients with brain arteriovenous malformation (10), and thoracic aortic dissection (11). However, the role of MMP-9 polymorphism in HCC is still unknown.

Our genome contains many intermediate size copy number changes, gains, and losses, called copy number variations (CNVs) (12). CNVs can reshape gene structure, modulate gene expression, and contribute to significant phenotypic variation (13). These genomic alterations can range from small insertions or deletions (less than 10 kb) to large ones (over 1 Mb) (14). CNVs are one of the most common genetic variations in the human genome as well as being an important molecular mechanism of pathogenesis in different human diseases such as cancer (15). Digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) offers a quantitative method to measure the abundance of a target molecule without requiring a calibration curve, leading to accurate copy number results (16).

In the present study, tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues were collected from HCC patients in Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital. This paper aimed to investigate the contribution of MMP-9 CNVs to HCC prognosis and recurrence.

Methods

Patient and public involvement

The patients were gathered in Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital between January 2016 and December 2018. All patients were diagnosed by ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT), and histologically diagnosed with HCC. Subjects who had congenital heart disease or other cancers were excluded from the study. The results would be disseminated to each of the participants through the patient’s forum.

Origin of specimens

The HCC tumor tissues (n=35), as well as adjacent non-tumor tissues (the tissues from the edge of tumor tissues larger than 2 cm, n=35), were obtained from patients who underwent surgical resections. The HCC tumor tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues were both confirmed by pathologic diagnoses. The clinical characteristics including the hepatitis B virus, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), tumor size, differentiation, microvascular invasion (MVI), and clinical stage are collected for the patients. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital (Project Identification Code: DYLL2018028), and informed consent was obtained from all patients before the study.

Genomic DNA isolation and TaqMan® copy number assay

Genomic DNA (gDNA) was isolated from tumor tissues and adjacent-normal tissues using the QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Germany). The concentration of the purified gDNA was determined by Infinite M200 PRO (TECAN, Switzerland). The FAM™ dye-labeled TaqMan® Copy Number Reference Assay for MMP-9 (Cat. No. 4400291) was duplexed with the VIC® dye-labeled TaqMan® Copy Number Reference Assay for RNase P (RPPH1, Cat. No. 4403326).

MMP-9 copy number assay

The copy number of MMP-9 was measured in each gDNA sample using the QuantStudio™ 3D Digital PCR System (Life Technologies Corporation, NY, USA). RPPH1 and MMP-9 signals were amplified in each PCR. A total volume of 16 µL of PCR was prepared for each sample, containing QuantStudio® 3D Digital PCR Master Mix, TaqMan® Copy Number Assay for MMP-9, RNase P Reference Assay, and gDNA sample. The PCR was then loaded into the QuantStudioTM 3D Digital PCR 20K chip, which was loaded onto the Dual Flat Block GeneAmp PCR System 9700. The PCR program was as follows: initial melting at 96 °C for 10 minutes followed by 39 cycles at 60 °C for 2 minutes, 98 °C for 30 seconds, and 2 holds at 60 °C for 2 minutes. After PCR amplification, chips were read on the QuantStudio® 3D Digital PCR Instrument. Absolute quantification data were exported from QuantStudio™ 3D AnalysisSuite™ Software (Life Technologies Corporation, NY, USA). MMP-9 dPCR was duplexed with RPPH1 as the baseline control (17). The copy number of MMP-9 was calculated with the following equation: MMP-9 copy number = raw MMP-9 number/(raw RPPH1 number/2). As the number of copies of MMP-9 was 2 in the normal population, the MMP-9 CNV (ΔCN value) in HCC patients was calculated by the following equation: ΔCN value =|measured MMP-9 copies – 2|.

RNA isolation and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)

Total RNAs were extracted from tumor tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, CA, USA). RNA samples were measured by optical density at 260 nm and reversely transcribed using a PrimeScript RT reagent Kit (Takara, Japan). Quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) was performed in the ViiA 7 Q-PCR System (Applied Biosystems Inc., CA, USA) using SYBR® Green PCR Kit (QIAGEN, Germany). Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as a controller. The primer sequences were 5'-GCCTGCCACTTCCCCTTCAT-3' for forward primer of MMP-9, 5'-CAGAAGCCAAACCGGTCGTC-3' for reverse primer of MMP-9, 5'-GGGAAATCGTGCGTGACAT-3' for forward primer of GAPDH, 5'-TGTTGCTGTAGCCAAATTCGTT-3' for reverse primer of GAPDH. The PCR program was as follows: initial denaturation at 95 °C for 2 minutes followed by 45 cycles at 94 °C for 10 seconds, 60 °C for 10 seconds, and 72 °C for 40 seconds. The fold variations in mRNAs were normalized to GAPDH and calculated using the 2-ΔΔCt method.

Statistical analysis

The statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism software for Windows, version 5.01 (GraphPad Software Inc., CA, USA). The differences between groups were analyzed by two-tailed t-test. Quantitative data were compared using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or the Kruskal Wallis test. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (r) was used to determine a relationship between MMP9 copy number and differentiation in HCC. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were established to evaluate the diagnostic value for the disease. A two-sided P<0.05 was defined as statistically significant.

Results

Characteristics of the tested participants

The clinical phenotypes of tumors and treatments for HCC patients are listed in Table 1. There were 12 patients in clinical stage I, 12 patients in the clinical stage II, 5 patients in clinical stage IIIa, 5 patients in the clinical stage IIIb, 1 patient in clinical stage IIIc. All the patients were treated by surgical resection. As shown in Table 2, there were 29 patients with positive hepatitis B virus and 20 patients with positive AFP. Among the participants, 2 patients were well differentiated, 21 patients were moderately differentiated, and 12 patients were poorly differentiated. The MVI test showed that 10 patients were not MVI, 16 patients were M1 (low risk), 9 patients were M2 (high risk). The histopathological pictures of tumor tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues are shown in Figure 1.

Table 1

Clinical grading of tumors and treatments for each patient

Patients Age Gender Grading of tumor Treatment
Patient 1 43 Male IIIa Surgical resection
Patient 2 56 Male II Surgical resection
Patient 3 48 Male II Surgical resection
Patient 4 45 Male I Surgical resection
Patient 5 82 Male II Surgical resection
Patient 6 61 Male I Surgical resection
Patient 7 54 Male II Surgical resection
Patient 8 65 Male IIIb Surgical resection
Patient 9 60 Male I Surgical resection
Patient 10 67 Male I Surgical resection
Patient 11 66 Male I Surgical resection
Patient 12 69 Male I Surgical resection
Patient 13 60 Male I Surgical resection
Patient 14 42 Male IIIb Surgical resection
Patient 15 76 Female II Surgical resection
Patient 16 69 Female I Surgical resection
Patient 17 69 Male I Surgical resection
Patient 18 51 Male IIIc Surgical resection
Patient 19 61 Male II Surgical resection
Patient 20 43 Male IIIa Surgical resection
Patient 21 65 Male IIIb Surgical resection
Patient 22 43 Male IIIb Surgical resection
Patient 23 58 Male IIIb Surgical resection
Patient 24 71 Female II Surgical resection
Patient 25 57 Male I Surgical resection
Patient 26 58 Male II Surgical resection
Patient 27 64 Male IIIa Surgical resection
Patient 28 47 Male I Surgical resection
Patient 29 71 Male IIIa Surgical resection
Patient 30 64 Male IIIa Surgical resection
Patient 31 64 Male II Surgical resection
Patient 32 63 Male II Surgical resection
Patient 33 69 Male II Surgical resection
Patient 34 55 Male I Surgical resection
Patient 35 68 Male II Surgical resection

Table 2

Clinic characteristics in 35 HCC patients

Characteristics No. of cases
Age (years) 60.11±10.10
Gender
   Male 32
   Female 3
Hepatitis B virus
   Positive 29
   Negative 6
AFP
   Positive 20
   Negative 15
Tumor size, cm
   ≥5 15
   <5 20
Differentiation
   Well 2
   Moderate 21
   Poor 12
MVI
   M0 10
   M1 16
   M2 9
Clinical stage
   I 12
   II 12
   IIIa 5
   IIIb 5
   IIIc 1

AFP, alpha fetoprotein; MVI, microvascular invasion. M0, no MVI; M1 (low-risk), MVI of <5 and at ≤1 cm away from the adjacent liver tissues; M2 (high-risk), MVI of >5 or at >1 cm away from the adjacent liver tissues.

Figure 1 Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of tumor and adjacent-normal tissue. (A) HE staining of tumor tissue, magnification ×200. (B) HE staining of adjacent-normal tissue, magnification ×200. Scale bar: 100 µm.

MMP-9 CNVs degree (ΔCN value) and mRNA fold change in HCC tumor tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues

We measured the copy number of MMP-9 in gDNAs isolated from tumor tissues (n = 35) as well as adjacent non-tumor tissues (n=35) in HCC patients using dPCR. Our results showed that MMP-9 CNVs (ΔCN value) were significantly higher in tumor tissues (0.589±0.770) than in adjacent normal tissues (0.146±0.112, P=0.002, Figure 2). We also found that the fold change of MMP-9 mRNA was significantly higher in tumor tissues (5.521±9.545) than adjacent non-tumor tissues (1.000±0.000, P=0.0047).

Figure 2 The MMP-9 CNVs degree and relative expression in HCC tumor tissues and adjacent-normal tissues#. #, MMP-9 CNVs degree (ΔCN value) in HCC tumor tissues (mean ± SD: 0.589±0.770) compared with adjacent-normal tissues (0.146±0.112, n=35, **P=0.002). The relative expression of MMP-9 was significant different between the tumor tissues (5.521±9.545) and adjacent-normal tissues (1.000±0.000, **P=0.0047). The available differences between groups were analyzed by paired samples t-tests.

Relationship between MMP-9 CNVs and clinicopathological factors in HCC patients

Our results showed that there were 15 HCC patients with CNVs in tumor tissues (CNV group) and 20 HCC patients without CNVs in tumor tissues (non-CNV group). Therefore, we compared the clinicopathological factors between CNVs group and non-CNVs group. As shown in Table 3, significant differences of tissue AFP expression (P=0.015), tumor size (P<0.001), differentiation (P<0.001), MVI (P=0.009), and clinical stage (P<0.001) were found between CNV group and non-CNV group. In contrast, there was no significant differences between CNV group and non-CNV group for the other clinicopathological factors, including age (P=0.659), gender (P=0.446), hepatitis B virus (P=0.351) and MMP-9 mRNA expression level (P=0.430).

Table 3

Relationship of MMP-9 CNVs in tumor tissues with clinicopathological factors of HCC patients*

Characteristics CNVs group, n=15 Non-CNVs group, n=20 P value
Age (mean ± SD) 61±8.960 59.45±11.057 0.659
Gender (n, %) 0.446
   Male 14 (93.3) 18 (90.0)
   Female 1 (6.7) 2 (10.0)
Hepatitis B virus (n, %) 0.351
   Positive 12 (80.0) 17 (85.0)
   Negative 3 (20.0) 3 (15.0)
AFP (n, %) 0.015
   Positive 10 (66.7) 10 (50.0)
   Negative 5 (33.3) 10 (50.0)
Tumor size, cm (n, %) <0.001
   ≥5 9 (60.0) 6 (30.0)
   <5 6 (40.0) 14 (70.0)
Differentiation (n, %) <0.001
   Well 0 (0) 2 (10.0)
   Moderate 8 (53.3) 13 (65.0)
   Poor 7 (46.7) 5 (25.0)
MVI (n, %) 0.009
   M0 2 (13.3) 8 (40.0)
   M1 8 (53.3) 8 (40.0)
   M2 5 (33.3) 4 (20.0)
Clinical stage (n, %) <0.001
   I 4 (26.7) 8 (40.0)
   II 5 (33.3) 7 (35.0)
   IIIa 2 (13.3) 3 (15.0)
   IIIb 3 (20.0) 2 (10.0)
   IIIc 1 (6.7) 0 (0)
MMP-9 mRNA expression 4.76±2.494 4.13±2.18 0.430

AFP, alpha fetoprotein; MVI, microvascular invasion. M0, no MVI; M1 (low-risk), MVI of <5 and at ≤1 cm away from the adjacent liver tissues; M2 (high-risk), MVI of >5 or at >1 cm away from the adjacent liver tissues. *, The P value is calculated according to the percentage. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), the Kruskal Wallis test or Mann-Whitney U test. The cut-off concentrations used to distinguish positive and negative results were 20 μg/L for AFP and 0.9 S/CO for hepatitis B virus.

Additionally, our ROC analysis for prediction potential of MMP-9 CNVs and expression levels for HCC showed that MMP-9 CNVs and MMP-9 expression were significantly associated with HCC [CNVs: P=0.001, area under curve (AUC) =0.74; MMP-9 expression: P=0.047, AUC =0.64, Figure 3). Moreover, the combined ROC showed a more enhanced diagnostic ability of MMP-9 CNVs and expression for HCC (P<0.0001, AUC =0.76, Figure 3).

Figure 3 ROC curves analysis for the MMP-9 CNVs and expression in HCC patients. ROC, receiver operating characteristic; AUC, area under curve; CNVs, copy number variations; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma. MMP9 CNVs, P=0.001, AUC =0.74; MMP9 expression, P=0.047, AUC =0.64; MMP9 CNVs and expression, P<0.0001, AUC =0.76.

Discussion

Our study indicated that the copy number and transcription level of MMP-9 was significantly higher in tumor tissues than in adjacent normal tissues. Also, MMP-9 CNVs were shown to be associated with several clinicopathological factors such as AFP expression, tumor size, differentiation, MVI, and clinical stage. Our ROC analysis showed that MMP-9 CNVs and expression were significant predictors of HCC risk.

The gene copy number can be used as an indicator of major diseases (18). For example, CNV of zinc finger matrine type 4 has the potential as a diagnostic indicator of hematological malignancies (19). A circulating tumor DNA derived CNV detection might be feasible for colorectal cancer (20). Single nucleotide variation of MMP-9 has been studied in breast cancer (21) and gallbladder cancer (22). In this study, we found a higher copy number of MMP-9 in HCC tumor tissues than their adjacent non-tumor tissues.

MMP-9 high expression was found to be correlated to the increase in copy number of MMP-9 in patients with colorectal cancer (18) and brain glioma (23). High expression of MMP-9 is strongly associated with HCC invasion and metastasis (6,24). In this study, the achieved result showed that MMP-9 expression level was higher in tumor tissues than that in adjacent normal tissues, and MMP-9 CNVs appeared only in tumor tissues. The previous study suggested that increased expression levels of the MMP-9 gene were associated with its copy number gains (18). However, our study was unable to find a link between MMP-9 CNV and mRNA expression in tumor tissues, and both MMP-9 copy number gain (16/35) and MMP-9 copy number loss (19/35) were found in our HCC tumor tissues.

MVI is the most relevant risk factor for tumor recurrence in HCC (25). In HCC patients, higher MVI grades and worse differentiation were found to be closely related to the unfavorable prognosis of HCC (3,26). A previous study found that 9p24.2-p21.1 recurrent loss and 8q11.21-q24.3 increase were correlation with the high tumor grade and MVI in HCC patients (27). Here, we found that MMP-9 copy number gains were closely related to tumor size, clinical stage, differential differentiation, and high MVI grading in HCC patients.

Serum AFP is the most widely used serological marker for the diagnosis of HCC (28). AFP was found to induce MMP-9 expression by activating protein kinases and transcription factors (29). Our study found that AFP status in the MMP-9 CNV group was significantly higher than that in non-CNV group. Therefore, we speculate that there is a vital role of AFP in MMP-9 CNV and its expression in HCC patients. Future work is needed to verify our hypothesis.

Strengths and limitations of this study

  • MMP-9 CNVs appeared only in tumor tissues.
  • MMP-9 CNVs were significantly correlated with AFP, tumor size, differentiation, MVI and clinical stage in the HCC patients.
  • ROC curves showed that the CNVs and expression levels of MMP-9 were significant predictors of HCC.

Conclusions

This study showed that copy number gains and higher expression of MMP-9 existed in HCC tumor tissues. MMP-9 CNVs were associated with a series of clinical indicators, including AFP status, tumor size, differentiation, MVI, and clinical stage. Our findings indicate that MMP-9 CNVs have potential diagnostic value for HCC screening and prognosis.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Chunnian Wang and Xiaolong Lai for their assistance in collecting patients and preparing the manuscript.

Funding: The research was supported by the grants from: Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo (Fund Number 2016A610190), Scientific Innovation Team Project of Ningbo (Fund Number 2013B82010), Ningbo Health Branding Subject Fund (Fund Number PPXK2018-03).

Footnote

Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tcr.2019.11.52). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital (Project Identification Code: DYLL2018028), and informed consent was obtained from all patients before the study.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Cite this article as: Yu X, Huang J, Wu S, Huang Y, Shan Y, Lu C. Copy number variations of MMP-9 are prognostic biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma. Transl Cancer Res 2020;9(2):698-706. doi: 10.21037/tcr.2019.11.52

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