TY  - JOUR
AU  - Ebner, Daniel K.
AU  - Tinganelli, Walter
AU  - Helm, Alexander
AU  - Bisio, Alessandra
AU  - Simoniello, Palma
AU  - Natale, Francesco
AU  - Yamada, Shigeru
AU  - Kamada, Tadashi
AU  - Shimokawa, Takashi
AU  - Durante, Marco
AU  - Collaboration (ARC), the Abscopal Research
PY  - 2017
TI  - Generating and grading the abscopal effect: proposal for comprehensive evaluation of combination immunoradiotherapy in mouse models
JF  - Translational Cancer Research; Vol 6, Supplement 5 (July 24, 2017): Translational Cancer Research (Focused Issue: Radiobiological Models Towards a Personalized Radiation Oncology)
Y2  - 2017
KW  - 
N2  - Numerous published case reports and forthcoming clinical trials combine immunotherapy and radiotherapy with the goal of demonstrating an abscopal effect reaction. However, reports and results are varied, and a comprehensive animal study combining radiotherapy modalities and immunotherapy agents has yet to be performed. Further, clinical reports are mixed, with inconsistent generation of the effect as well as abscopal effects seen ranging from widespread disease elimination to growth stagnation of local lymph node metastasis. We propose a grading system for use in differentiating abscopal effects seen in animal and clinical trials. Further, we will conduct a comprehensive study in mice, evaluating three radiotherapeutic modalities (photon, proton, and carbon-ion) combined with five immunotherapeutic agents with differing actions. Comprehensive cell analysis will be conducted with the aim of improving upon draft models of abscopal effect generation, as well as differentiating between locoregional and systemic methods of action. Further, evaluation of radiation fractionation, as well as combination with ex vivo activated dendritic cell (DC) inoculation, will be performed. Though the abscopal effect has been reported for nearly 70 years, only recently has delineation of its mechanism seemed possible. Comprehensive evaluation of available modalities may shed light on the precise requirements for generating the effect, potentially enabling its regular usage in the treatment of disease.
UR  - https://tcr.amegroups.org/article/view/13973