LncRNA MVIH knockdown inhibits the malignancy progression through downregulating miR-505 mediated HMGB1 and CCNE2 in acute myeloid leukemia

Introduction

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hematological malignancy characterized by malignant transformation of clonal neoplastic hematopoietic stem cells as well as the impaired normal hematopoiesis in the bone marrow and peripheral blood (1). Current therapies for AML commonly consist of intensive induction chemotherapy, stem cell transplantation and post-remission consolidation, which contributes to the complete remission of approximately 50–70% of adults with AML. However, only 20% of patients with AML enjoy long-term disease-free survival, and refractory or relapsed AML is the main cause of AML mortality (2,3). Existing evidence indicates that insight into genetic background of AML that foster the extensive understanding of AML pathology might lead to development of specific targeted therapy (4,5). Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the mechanism underlying the development and progression of AML to explore new therapeutic strategies.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) are defined as RNAs longer than 200 nucleotides, which participate in multiple stages of gene regulation including chromatin modification, regulation of protein modification, chromatin structure, and so on (6,7). Increasing number of researches reveal that lncRNAs also play important roles in diverse human diseases, especially cancers, and some lncRNAs, such as lnc-CCAT1, lnc-HOTAIR, are reported to exert functions through interacting with microRNA (miRNA) at the post-transcriptional level in AML (6,8,9). Recently, increasing studies indicate that lncRNA associated with microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma (lnc-MVIH) is upregulated and participates in the progression and development of several solid cancers, such as breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma (10-13). However, little is known about its role in hematological malignancies. In addition, lnc-MVIH contains target sites for miR-505 as retrieved from miRanda database analysis (www.miranda.org), which is a tumor suppressor in several malignancies including chronic myeloid leukemia (14-16). Therefore, we hypothesized that lnc-MVIH might interact with miR-505 as well as miR-505 downstream target genes and regulate AML progression. In the present study, we investigated the regulatory role of lnc-MVIH in AML progression and the underlying mechanism, aiming to provide a novel insight of potential therapeutic targets in AML (17,18).

Methods

Cell sources and culture

Human AML cell lines AML-193, KG-1, HL-60 and OCI-AML2 were purchased from Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (Braunschweig, German). AML-193 cells were cultured in 90% Iscove’s Modified Dulbecco’s Medium (Gibco, USA) and 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco, USA); KG-1 and HL-60 cells were cultured in 90% Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 Medium (Gibco, USA) and 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco, USA); OCI-AML2 were cultured in 90% Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) (Gibco, USA) and 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco, USA).

Lnc-MVIH expression in AML cell lines and primary normal bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMC)

Lnc-MVIH expression in AML cell lines AML-193, KG-1, HL-60 and OCI-AML2 was detected using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Besides, primary normal human BMMC was purchased from American type culture collection (Manassas, USA) and lnc-MVIH in BMMC was detected by RT-qPCR as control.

Lnc-MVIH expression in CD34⁺ AML cells and wild AML cell lines

CD34⁺ AML cells were separated from wild AML cell lines (AML-193, KG-1, HL-60, OCI-AML2) using Dynabeads CD34⁺ Positive Isolation Kit (Thermo, USA) according to the instructions of the manufacture, and lnc-MVIH expression in CD34⁺ AML cells and wild AML cells was detected using RT-qPCR.

Effect of lnc-MVIH knockdown on cell proliferation, apoptosis and potential target miR-505

Control shRNA [Control(−) group] and lnc-MVIH shRNA [lnc-MVIH(−) group] were constructed by Shanghai GenePharma Bio-Tech Company (Shanghai, China) using pGPH1 vector and transfected into KG-1 cells. Lnc-MVIH expression was detected at 24 h by RT-qPCR, cell proliferation was detected at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h by Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) (Dojindo, Japan), cell apoptosis rate was detected at 24 h by Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit (BD, USA), potential target miR-505 was predicted using miRanda database analysis (www.miranda.org) and detected at 24 h by RT-qPCR, respectively.

Effect of miR-505 knockdown on attenuating lnc-MVIH knockdown functions

Lnc-MVIH shRNA [Lnc-MVIH(−) group], and lnc-MVIH shRNA plus miR-505 shRNA [Lnc-MVIH(−)&miR-505(−) group] were constructed by Shanghai GenePharma Bio-Tech Company (Shanghai, China) using pGPH1 vector and transfected into KG-1 cells. Lnc-MVIH and miR-505 expressions were detected at 24 h by RT-qPCR, miR-505 target genes including high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and cyclin E2 (CCNE2) were detected at 24 h by RT-qPCR and Western Blot, cell proliferation was detected at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h by CCK-8 (Dojindo, Japan), cell apoptosis rate was detected at 24 h by Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit (BD, USA).

RT-qPCR

Total RNA was extracted from cells using TRIzol™ Reagent (Invitrogen, USA) and then reversely transcribed to cDNA using RT-PCR Quick Master Mix (Toyobo, Japan). Following that, RT-qPCR was performed using SYBR^® Green Realtime PCR Master Mix (Toyobo, Japan) to quantify lnc-MVIH, miR-505, HMGB1 and CCNE2 expressions. The result was calculated using 2^−ΔΔCt method with GAPDH as an internal reference. The primers used in RT-qPCR were listed in Table 1.

Western blot

Total protein was extracted with RIPA Buffer (Sigma, USA). The protein concentration in each sample was then measured using the Pierce™ Rapid Gold BCA Protein Assay Kit (Thermo, USA). Twenty ug protein samples were added to NuPAGE™ 4–12% Bis-Tris Protein Gels (Thermo, USA) and transferred onto polyvinylidene fluoride membrane (Millipore, German). After blocking with BSA (Thermo, USA) for 2 h, the membranes were incubated with the primary antibodies overnight at 4 °C. Then, the membranes were incubated with the secondary antibody for 90 min at 37 °C. EasyBlot ECL kit (Sangon, China) was used to illuminized the bands and X-ray film (Kodak, USA) was used to visualize the result. The antibodies used in this study were summarized in Table 2.

Statistics

GraphPad 7.01 (GraphPad Int., USA) was used for statistical analysis and drawing images. Data were mainly presented as mean ± standard deviation, and compared by One-way ANOVA test followed by multiple comparisons test or t test. P<0.05 was considered as significant.

Results

The relative expression of lnc-MVIH in AML cell lines and primary normal BMMC

The relative expression of lnc-MVIH was elevated in AML-193 (P<0.05), KG-1 (P<0.001), OCI-AML2 (P<0.001) cells, but similar in HL-60 (P>0.05) cells compared with primary normal BMMC (Figure 1), indicating that lnc-MVIH was upregulated in AML cell lines.

Figure 1 Lnc-MVIH expression in AML cells and primary normal BMMC. The comparison of lnc-MVIH expression between human AML cell lines and primary normal BMMC was detected by One-Way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test, which indicated that lnc-MVIH expression was elevated in AML-193, KG-1 and OCI-AML2 cell lines, but similar in HL-60 cell lines compared to primary normal BMMC. P<0.05 was considered significant. NS, non-significant; *, P<0.05; ***, P<0.001. Lnc-MVIH, long non-coding RNA associated with microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma; AML, acute myeloid leukemia; BMMC, bone marrow mononuclear cells.

The relative expression of lnc-MVIH in CD34⁺ and wild AML cells

The relative expression of lnc-MVIH was elevated in CD34⁺ AML-193 cells compared with wild AML-193 cells (P<0.05), and was also increased in CD34⁺ KG-1 cells compared with wild KG-1 cells (P<0.01), while similar between CD34⁺ HL-60 cells and wild HL-60 cells (P>0.05), between CD34⁺ OCI-AML2 cells and wild OCI-AML2 cells (P>0.05) (Figure S1).

The relative expression of lnc-MVIH after transfection

The expression of lnc-MVIH was decreased in lnc-MVIH(−) group compared with Control(−) group, which indicated the successful transfection of lnc-MVIH shRNA (P<0.01) (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Lnc-MVIH knockdown decreased lnc-MVIH expression in KG-1 cells. Lnc-MVIH knockdown decreased lnc-MVIH expression compared to control, which indicated the successful transfection. The comparison of lnc-MVIH expression between lnc-MVIH shRNA group and control was conducted by t-test. P<0.05 was considered significant. **, P<0.01. Lnc-MVIH, long non-coding RNA associated with microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Effect of lnc-MVIH knockdown on cell proliferation and apoptosis in KG-1 cells

Cell proliferation was decreased in lnc-MVIH(−) group at 48 h (P<0.05) and 72 h (P<0.05), but unchanged at 0 h (P>0.05) and 24 h (P>0.05) compared with Control(−) group (Figure 3A). Cell apoptosis rate was increased in Lnc-MVIH(−) group compared with Control(−) group at 24 h (P<0.01) (Figure 3B,C). These data suggested that lnc-MVIH knockdown suppressed cell proliferation but promoted cell apoptosis in AML.

Figure 3 Lnc-MVIH knockdown decreased cell proliferation but promoted cell apoptosis in KG-1 cells. Lnc-MVIH knockdown had no effect on cell proliferation at 0 and 24 h but decreased cell proliferation at 48 and 72 h (A). Lnc-MVIH knockdown increased cell apoptosis (B,C). P<0.05 was considered significant. *, P<0.05. Lnc-MVIH, long non-coding RNA associated with microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma; NS, non-significant.

The relative expression of miR-505 after transfection in KG-1 cells

The relative expression of miR-505 was elevated in lnc-MVIH(−) group compared with Control(−) group after transfection (P<0.01), which indicated that lnc-MVIH knockdown promoted miR-505 expression in AML (Figure 4).

Figure 4 Lnc-MVIH knockdown increased miR-505 expression KG-1 cells. Lnc-MVIH knockdown increased miR-505 expression in AML. The comparison of miR-505 expression between lnc-MVIH knockdown and control was conducted by t-test. P<0.05 was considered significant. **, P<0.01. Lnc-MVIH, long non-coding RNA associated with microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma; AML, acute myeloid leukemia.

The effect of miR-505 knockdown on HMGB1 and CCNE2 expressions in lnc-MVIH knockdown treated KG-1 cells

The rescue experiments were conducted to explore the effect of miR-505 knockdown on HMGB1 and CCNE2 expressions in lnc-MVIH knockdown treated KG-1 cells. Firstly, we observed that the relative expression of miR-505 was decreased in lnc-MVIH(−) & miR-505(−) group compared with lnc-MVIH(−) group (P<0.01), which indicated the successful transfection of miR-505 shRNA (Figure 5A). Then the relative expression of lnc-MVIH was shown to be similar in both Lnc-MVIH(−) & miR-505(−) group and Lnc-MVIH(−) group (P>0.05), which suggested that miR-505 did not regulate lnc-MVIH (Figure 5B). Finally, HMGB1 and CCNE2, as the target genes of miR-505, were detected, which exhibited that the relative expressions of HMGB1 (P<0.05) (Figure 5C) and CCNE2 (P<0.05) (Figure 5D) were increased in lnc-MVIH(−) & miR-505(−) group compared with lnc-MVIH(−) group. And Western blot also visualized that HMGB1 and CCNE2 protein expression was increased in lnc-MVIH(−) & miR-505(−) group compared with lnc-MVIH(−) group (Figure 5E). These data suggested that miR-505 knockdown increased the expressions of HMGB1 and CCNE2 in lnc-MVIH knockdown treated AML cells.

Figure 5 MiR-505 knockdown increased HMGB1 and CCNE2 expressions in lnc-MVIH knockdown treated KG-1 cells. Lnc-MVIH(−) & miR-505(−) group presented decreased expression of miR-505 compared to lnc-MVIH(−) group (A). Lnc-MVIH(−) & miR-505(−) group and lnc-MVIH(−) group showed the similar expression of lnc-MVIH (B). Lnc-MVIH(−) & miR-505(−) group exhibited increased mRNA and protein expressions of HMGB1 compared to lnc-MVIH(−) group (C,E). Lnc-MVIH(−) & miR-505(−) group also displayed increased mRNA and protein expressions of CCNE2 compared to lnc-MVIH(−) group (D,E). P<0.05 was considered significant. *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01. Lnc-MVIH, long non-coding RNA associated with microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma; lnc-MVIH(−), lnc-MVIH shRNA; lnc-MVIH(−) & miR-505(−), lnc-MVIH shRNA plus miR-505 shRNA; NS, non-significant.

The effect of miR-505 knockdown on cell proliferation and cell apoptosis in lnc-MVIH knockdown treated KG-1 cells

Cell proliferation was increased in lnc-MVIH(−) & miR-505(−) group at 48 h (P<0.05) and 72 h (P<0.01), but unchanged at 0 h (P>0.05) and 24 h (P>0.05) compared with lnc-MVIH(−) group (Figure 6A). Cell apoptosis rate was decreased in lnc-MVIH(−) & miR-505(−) group compared with lnc-MVIH(−) group at 24 h (P<0.01) (Figure 6B,C). These data displayed that miR-505 knockdown compensated the effect of lnc-MVIH knockdown on cell proliferation and cell apoptosis in AML. Combining all the data above, we speculated that lnc-MVIH knockdown inhibited AML progression possibly via regulating miR-505 mediated HMGB1 and CCNE2 in AML.

Figure 6 MiR-505 knockdown promoted cell proliferation but inhibited cell apoptosis in lnc-MVIH knockdown treated KG-1 cells. Lnc-MVIH(−) & miR-505(−) group presented increased cell proliferation at 48 and 72 h, but unchanged at 0 and 24 h compared to lnc-MVIH(−) group (A). Lnc-MVIH(−) & miR-505(−) group showed decreased cell apoptosis compared to lnc-MVIH(−) group (B, C). P<0.05 was considered significant. *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01. Lnc-MVIH, long non-coding RNA associated with microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma; lnc-MVIH(−), lnc-MVIH shRNA; Lnc-MVIH(−) & miR-505(−), lnc-MVIH shRNA plus miR-505 shRNA; NS, non-significant.

Discussion

In the present study, we observed that lnc-MVIH was upregulated in AML cell lines compared with primary normal BMMC, and its knockdown suppressed cell proliferation but promoted cell apoptosis via regulating miR-505 mediated HMGB1 and CCNE2 in AML.

Lnc-MVIH is located in the intron of the RPS24 gene and is essential for transcription process of RPS24 (19). Existing studies demonstrate that it is upregulated and closely related with tumorigenesis and metastasis in some solid tumors (11-13,19). Lnc-MVIH is initially found to be upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma and promotes tumor growth and metastasis by activating tumor-inducing angiogenesis (10). It is also indicated to be overexpressed in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line compared to mammary epithelial cells and lnc-MVIH knockdown inhibits cell proliferation, increases cell apoptosis, elevates the G1–G0 phase cell proportion and decreases the percentage of cells in the S phase in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line (13). In another study, lnc-MVIH is upregulated and its knockdown impaires cell proliferation as well as invasion in non-small cell lung cancer (12). Furthermore, the insufficiency of RPS24 gene, where lnc-MVIH is located on, is indicated to cause the cell cycle defects in hematological diseases such as diamond-Blackfan anemia (20). In addition, through the miRanda database analysis we found that lnc-MVIH contained several target sites of miR-505 which was shown to be biomarkers in chronic myeloid leukemia (20). Therefore, we hypothesized that lnc-MVIH might participate in the biological processes of AML. In our study, we observed that lnc-MVIH was overexpressed in AML cell lines compared with primary normal BMMC, and lnc-MVIH knockdown inhibited cell proliferation but promoted cell apoptosis in AML. The possible reasons might include that (I) lnc-MVIH might serve as the sponge for miRNA (such as miR-505), leading to the inhibitory effect on miRNA target genes (such as HMGB1 and CCNE2), contributing to the AML progression (16). (II) Lnc-MVIH knockdown might inactivate the oncogenic pathways such as WNT signaling pathway to inhibit the malignant progression (21).

Existing evidence exhibits that lnc-MVIH is involved in the regulation of miRNA target genes via serving as miRNA sponge in solid tumors (6). For example, lnc-MVIH knockdown inhibits the cell viability and promotes cell apoptosis through upregulating miR-199a and miR-199a targeted FZD7 in hepatocellular carcinoma (11). In addition, miRanda database analysis reveals that miR-505, which suppresses cell proliferation in hematological malignancies, is the potential target of lnc-MVIH (15,16,22). Then we detected the expression of miR-505 after transfecting lnc-MVIH shRNA into KG-1 cells and found that lnc-MVIH knockdown upregulated the expression of miR-505. Furthermore, HMGB1 and CCNE2 are potential target genes of miR-505, which are previously shown to be oncogenes in hematological malignancies (22,23). HMGB1, as a common oncogene in AML, triggers pro-inflammatory stimulus and activates the immune receptors, leading to the proliferation of AML cells, which is critical for the progression of AML (18,23,24). Besides, CCNE2 is often regarded as a key gene involved in cell cycle control, whose overexpression results in the proliferation advantage and malignancy progression in AML (17,25). Therefore, we conducted the rescue experiments to verify whether lnc-MVIH knockdown repressed cell activities via regulating miR-505 mediated HMGB1 and CCNE2, and found that miR-505 knockdown increased the expression of HMGB1 and CCNE2 in lnc-MVIH knockdown treated AML cells, meanwhile miR-505 knockdown compensated the effect of lnc-MVIH knockdown on cell proliferation and cell apoptosis in lnc-MVIH knockdown treated AML cells. Based on these data, we summarized that lnc-MVIH knockdown inhibited cell proliferation but promoted cell apoptosis via regulating miR-505 mediated HMGB1 and CCNE2. The possible reasons might include that: (I) lnc-MVIH knockdown impaired the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins in the oncogenic pathways (such as Akt pathway, which CCNE2 participated in) via upregulation of miR-505, leading to the blocking effect of oncogenic pathway and inhibited cell proliferation but promoted cell apoptosis in AML (17). (II) Lnc-MVIH knockdown reduced the expression of HMGB1 and inhibited pro-inflammatory stimulus, which decreased proliferation and survival of AML cells (18).

In conclusion, lnc-MVIH knockdown inhibits cell proliferation but promotes cell apoptosis via regulating miR-505 mediated HMGB1 and CCNE2 in AML, which suggested that lnc-MVIH might serve as a potential therapeutic target for AML.

Figure S1 Lnc-MVIH expression in CD34⁺ and wild AML cells. The comparison of lnc-MVIH expression between CD34⁺ and wild AML cells (AML-193, KG-1, HL-60 and OCL-AML2) was detected by t-test. P<0.05 was considered significant. *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01. Lnc-MVIH, long non-coding RNA associated with microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma; AML, acute myeloid leukemia; NS, non-significant.

Acknowledgments

Funding: None.

Footnote

Conflicts of Interest: Both authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tcr.2019.10.12). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). The institutional ethical approval and individual informed consent were waived due to the nature of the study.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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